# pyeda.boolalg.bdd — Binary Decision Diagrams¶

The pyeda.boolalg.bdd module implements Boolean functions represented as binary decision diagrams.

Interface Functions:

Interface Classes:

## Interface Functions¶

pyeda.boolalg.bdd.bddvar(name, index=None)[source]

Return a unique BDD variable.

A Boolean variable is an abstract numerical quantity that may assume any value in the set $$B = \{0, 1\}$$. The bddvar function returns a unique Boolean variable instance represented by a binary decision diagram. Variable instances may be used to symbolically construct larger BDDs.

A variable is defined by one or more names, and zero or more indices. Multiple names establish hierarchical namespaces, and multiple indices group several related variables. If the name parameter is a single str, it will be converted to (name, ). The index parameter is optional; when empty, it will be converted to an empty tuple (). If the index parameter is a single int, it will be converted to (index, ).

Given identical names and indices, the bddvar function will always return the same variable:

>>> bddvar('a', 0) is bddvar('a', 0)
True


To create several single-letter variables:

>>> a, b, c, d = map(bddvar, 'abcd')


To create variables with multiple names (inner-most first):

>>> fifo_push = bddvar(('push', 'fifo'))
>>> fifo_pop = bddvar(('pop', 'fifo'))


For creating arrays of variables with incremental indices, use the pyeda.boolalg.bfarray.bddvars() function.

pyeda.boolalg.bdd.expr2bdd(expr)[source]

Convert an expression into a binary decision diagram.

pyeda.boolalg.bdd.bdd2expr(bdd, conj=False)[source]

Convert a binary decision diagram into an expression.

This function will always return an expression in two-level form. If conj is False, return a sum of products (SOP). Otherwise, return a product of sums (POS).

For example:

>>> a, b = map(bddvar, 'ab')
>>> bdd2expr(~a | b)
Or(~a, And(a, b))

pyeda.boolalg.bdd.upoint2bddpoint(upoint)[source]

Convert an untyped point into a BDD point.

For definitions of points and untyped points, see the pyeda.boolalg.boolfunc module.

pyeda.boolalg.bdd.ite(f, g, h)[source]

BDD if-then-else (ITE) operator

The f, g, and h arguments are BDDs.

The ITE(f, g, h) operator means “if f is true, return g, else return h”.

It is equivalent to:

• DNF form: f & g | ~f & h
• CNF form: (~f | g) & (f | h)

### Interface Classes¶

class pyeda.boolalg.bdd.BDDNode(root, lo, hi)[source]

Binary decision diagram node

A BDD node represents one cofactor in the decomposition of a Boolean function. Nodes are uniquely identified by a root integer, lo child node, and hi child node:

• root is the cofactor variable’s uniqid attribute
• lo is the zero cofactor node
• hi is the one cofactor node

The root of the zero node is -1, and the root of the one node is -2. Both zero/one nodes have lo=None and hi=None.

Do NOT create BDD nodes using the BDDNode constructor. BDD node instances are managed internally.

class pyeda.boolalg.bdd.BinaryDecisionDiagram(node)[source]

Boolean function represented by a binary decision diagram

This is a subclass of pyeda.boolalg.boolfunc.Function

BDDs have a single attribute, node, that points to a node in the managed unique table.

There are two ways to construct a BDD:

• Convert an expression using the expr2bdd function.
• Use operators on existing BDDs.

Use the bddvar function to create BDD variables, and use the Python ~|&^ operators for NOT, OR, AND, XOR.

For example:

>>> a, b, c, d = map(bddvar, 'abcd')
>>> f = ~a | b & c ^ d


The BinaryDecisionDiagram class is useful for type checking, e.g. isinstance(f, BinaryDecisionDiagram).

Do NOT create a BDD using the BinaryDecisionDiagram constructor. BDD instances are managed internally, and you will not be able to use the Python is operator to establish formal equivalence with manually constructed BDDs.

dfs_preorder()[source]

Iterate through nodes in depth first search (DFS) pre-order.

dfs_postorder()[source]

Iterate through nodes in depth first search (DFS) post-order.

bfs()[source]

Iterate through nodes in breadth first search (BFS) order.

equivalent(other)[source]

Return whether this BDD is equivalent to other.

You can also use Python’s is operator for BDD equivalency testing.

For example:

>>> a, b, c = map(bddvar, 'abc')
>>> f1 = a ^ b ^ c
>>> f2 = a & ~b & ~c | ~a & b & ~c | ~a & ~b & c | a & b & c
>>> f1 is f2
True

to_dot(name='BDD')[source]

Convert to DOT language representation.

See the DOT language reference for details.

class pyeda.boolalg.bdd.BDDConstant(node, value)[source]

Binary decision diagram constant zero/one

The BDDConstant class is useful for type checking, e.g. isinstance(f, BDDConstant).

Do NOT create a BDD using the BDDConstant constructor. BDD instances are managed internally, and the BDD zero/one instances are singletons.

class pyeda.boolalg.bdd.BDDVariable(bvar)[source]

Binary decision diagram variable

The BDDVariable class is useful for type checking, e.g. isinstance(f, BDDVariable).

Do NOT create a BDD using the BDDVariable constructor. Use the bddvar() function instead.